拉丁字母
From 大鲸鱼百科
拉丁字母，也作罗马字母，为英语及世上大多数语言所採用的字母系统。拉丁字母主要有以下26个字母：
| 拉丁字母表 |
|---|
|
Aa | Bb | Cc | Dd | Ee | Ff | Gg | Hh | Ii | Jj | Kk | Ll | Mm Nn | Oo | Pp | Qq | Rr | Ss | Tt | Uu | Vv | Ww | Xx | Yy | Zz |
不过，虽然名称上叫作拉丁字母，拉丁文其实没有用 J, U, 和 W 这三个字母。
目录 |
[编辑] 历史
拉丁字母主要源于伊特拉斯坎字母。根据Hammarström (in Jensen 521)，B、D、O和X这四个字母应该源自传入南意大利的希腊字母。 无论如何, there are Etruscan abecedaria with B, D, O, X (Sampson 108). Rix (203) claims that the sound values of those letters in Latin are to be attributed to Greek influence, the letters themselves were probably all present when the Romans took over the alphabet from the Etruscans (Wachter 33).
没有争议的是这些字母主要源自伊特拉斯坎文化. The sound value of C proves that clearly.
Etruscan had no voiced plosives, so this symbol - derived from the Greek gamma - came to stand for the unvoiced /k/ in Etruscan - as later in Latin.
Jensen (521) notes that the letters C, K, Q were originally used in Latin according to Etruscan usage: C in front of /e, i/; K in front of /a/; Q in front of /u, o/.
The letters thus stand for different allophones of /k/ (in the case of Latin, also /g/ and probably the phonemes /k_w/ and /g _w/ in the case of QU and GU).
These spelling rules are due to the names of the letters: gamma or gemma; kappa; qoppa or quppa (Wachter 15).
In Etruscan there was no /o/, so Q was used both in front of /o/ and /u/ in Latin. Y and Z were later additions taken from the Greek alphabet. G was created by Spurius Carvilius Ruga (who flourished around 230 BC) as a modification of C (Sampson 109).
“F”字源自Ϝ (digamma)，在原来的伊特拉斯坎字母及拉丁字母被用来表示/w/音，而“FH”才是本来用作表示/f/音的字母。后来罗马人简化了“FH”成為“F”，而这个字母从此就用来表示/f/音。
半元音/w/与/u/、/u:/及/j/，与元音/i/、/i:/都採用同一个字母来表示，分别為“V”及“I”。
原来的拉丁字母并没有“U”字，但有一个半元音字母“V”；也没有“W”，因為“V”字的本来工作就是今日英语“W”的功用；他们亦没有“J”字，因為“I”本身可以当作半元音来用。
[编辑] 比较
[编辑] 参见
[编辑] Use in other languages
In the course of its history, the Latin alphabet was used for new languages, and therefore, some new letters and diacritics were created, e.g.:
- the cedilla in ç (originally a little z written below the c) that symbolized /ts/ in Romance
- the hacek in Slavonic languages, used to mark palatalised versions of the base letter, e.g. č.
- the tilde in Spanish ñ, some Portuguese vowels (originally a little n written above the letter) used to mark the elision of a former N, and then later to mark nasalisation of the base letter and the Estonian o with tilde.
- the ă, ă, î, ş and ţ, as used in the Romanian language
Please see 'Alphabets derived from the Latin' for a more complete list.
W is a letter made up from two U's. It was added in late Roman times to represent a Germanic sound. U and J were originally not distinguished from V and I respectively. In Old English, eth ð and the Runic letters thorn þ, and wynn ƿ were added. In modern Icelandic, thorn and eth are still used. The additional letters added in German are special presentations of earlier ligature forms (ae → ä, ue → ü or ſs → ß). French adds the circumflex to record elided consonants that were present in earlier forms and are often still present in the modern English cognate forms (Old French hostel → French hôtel = English hotel or Late Latin pasta → Middle French paste → French pâte and English paste).
Some Slavic languages use the latin alphabet rather than the Cyrillic. Among these, Polish uses a variety of ligatures with z to represent special phonetic values, and a dark l - ł - for a sound similar to w. Czech uses diacritics as in Dvořák. Croatian uses haceks č š ž and also ć and đ. The Slavic regions which stayed with the Orthodox church generally use Cyrillic instead which is much closer to the Greek alphabet.
The African language Hausa uses three additional consonants: ɓ, ɗ and ƙ.
[编辑] Collating in other languages
Alphabets derived from the Latin have varying collating rules:
- In French and English, characters with diaeresis (ä, ë, ï, ö, ü, ÿ) are usually treated just like their un-accented versions. If two words differ only by an accent in French, the one with the accent is greater. (However, the Unicode 3.0 book specifies a more complex traditional French sorting rule for accented letters.)
- In German umlaut (Ä,Ö,Ü) are treated generally just like their non-umlauted versions; ß is always sorted as ss. This makes the alphabetic order Arg, Ärgerlich, Arm, Assistent, Aßlar, Assoziation. For phone directories and similar lists of names, the umlauts are to be collated like the letter combinations "ae", "oe", "ue". This makes the alphabetic order Udet, Übelacker, Uell, Ülle, Ueve, Üxküll, Uffenbach.
- In the Swedish alphabet, "W" is seen as a variant of "V" and not a separate letter. It is however recognised and maintained in names, like in "William". The alphabet also has three extra vowels placed at its end (..., X, Y, Z, Å, Ä, Ö). The same alphabet and collating rules are used for Finnish.
- The same extra vowels as in Swedish are also present in the Danish and Norwegian alphabets but in a different order and with different glyphs (..., X, Y, Z, Æ, Ø, Å). Also, "Aa" collates as an equivalent to "Å". The Danish alphabet sees "W" as a variant of "V".
- Some languages have more complex rules: for example, Spanish treated (til 1997) "CH" and "LL" as single letters, giving an ordering of CINCO, CREDO, CHISPA and LOMO, LUZ, LLAMA. This is not true anymore since in 1997 RAE adopted the more normal usage, and now LL is collated between LI and LO, and CH between CE and CI. The only Spanish specific collating question is Ñ (eñe) as a different letter collated after N.
- In Dutch the combination IJ was formerly to be collated as Y (or sometimes, as a separate letter Y < IJ < Z), but is currently mostly collated as 2 letters (II < IJ < IK). Note that a word starting with ij that is written with a capital I is also written with a capital J, e.g. the town IJmuiden (mun. Velsen) and the river IJssel.
- The Hungarian language has accents, umlauts, and double accents. The accent is ignored in collating, and the double accent, which indicates a long umlaut vowel, is treated as equal to the umlaut.
- In Icelandic, Þ is added, and D is followed by Ð.
- Both letters were also used by Anglo-Saxon scribes who also used the Runic letter Wynn to represent /w/.
- Þ (called thorn; lowercase þ) is also a Runic letter, some scholars derive it from Latin D.
- Ð (called eth; lowercase ð) is the letter D with an added stroke.
- In Polish, specifically Polish letters derived from the Latin alphabet are collated after their originals: A, Ą, B, C, Ć, D, E, Ę, ..., L, Ł, M, N, Ń, O, Ó, P, ..., S, Ś, T, ..., Z, Ź, Ż.
- In Czech, accented vowels are treated as their unaccented forms, but accented consonants (the ones with hacek) immediatelly follow their unaccented counterparts. The letter CH goes between H and I.
- In Esperanto, consonants with circumflex accents (ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ), as well as ŭ (u with breve), are counted as separate letters and collated separately (c, ĉ, d, e, f, g, ĝ, h, ĥ, i, j, ĵ ... s, ŝ, t, u, ŭ, v, z).
- In Romanian, special characters derived from the latin alphabet are collated after their orginals: A, Ă, Â, ..., I, Î, ..., S, Ş, T, Ţ, ..., Z.
- In Tatar, there are 9 additional letters. 5 of them are vowels, paired with main alphabet vowels as hard-smooth: a-ä, o-ö, u-ü, í-i, ı-e. The four remaining are consonants: ş is sh, ç is ch, ñ is ng and ğ is gh.
- In Croatian and Serbian and related South Slavic languages, the five accented characters and two conjoined characters are sorted after the originals: ..., C, Č, Ć, D, DŽ, Đ, E, ..., L, LJ, M, N, NJ, O, ..., S, Š, T, ..., Z, Ž.
[编辑] 参考
- Jensen, Hans. 1970. Sign Symbol and Script. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. Transl. of Die Schrift in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften. 1958, as revised by the author.
- Rix, Helmut. 1993. "La scrittura e la lingua" In: Cristofani, Mauro (hrsg.) 1993. Gli etruschi - Una nuova immagine. Firenze: Giunti. S.199-227.
- Sampson, Geoffrey. 1985. Writing systems. London (etc.): Hutchinson.
- Wachter, Rudolf. 1987. Altlateinische Inschriften: sprachliche und epigraphische Untersuchungen zu den Dokumenten bis etwa 150 v.Chr. Bern (etc.): Peter Lang.
- Biktaş, Şamil, 2003, Tuğan Tel.
